Complete genome sequence and genome-wide transposon mutagenesis enable the determination of genes required for sodium hypochlorite tolerance and drug resistance in pathogen Aeromonas veronii GD2019.

Aeromonas veronii, a significant pathogen in aquatic environments, poses a substantial threat to both human and animal health, particularly in aquaculture. In this study, we isolated A. veronii strain GD2019 from diseased largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) during a severe outbreak of aeromonad septicemia in Guangdong Province, China. The complete genome sequence of A. veronii GD2019 revealed that GD2019 contains a single chromosome of 4703,168 bp with an average G+C content of 58.3%. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that GD2019 forms a separate sub-branch in A. veronii and comparative genomic analyses identified the existence of an intact Type III secretion system. Moreover, to investigate the genes that are required for the conditional fitness of A. veronii under various stresses, a high-density transposon insertion library in GD2019 was generated by a Tn5-based transposon and covers 6311 genomic loci including 4155 genes and 2156 intergenic regions. Leveraging this library, 630 genes were classified as essential genes for growth in rich-nutrient LB medium. Furthermore, the genes GE001863/NtrC and GE002550 were found to confer tolerance to sodium hypochlorite in A. veronii. GE002562 and GE002614 were associated with the resistance to carbenicillin. Collectively, our results provide abundant genetic information on A. veronii, shedding light on the pathogenetic mechanisms of Aeromonas.

Type III secretion system effector YfiD inhibits the activation of host poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 to promote bacterial infection.

Modulation of cell death is a powerful strategy employed by pathogenic bacteria to evade host immune clearance and occupy profitable replication niches during infection. Intracellular pathogens employ the type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effectors, which interfere with regulated cell death pathways to evade immune defenses. Here, we reveal that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1)-dependent cell death restrains Edwardsiella piscicida's proliferation in mouse monocyte macrophages J774A.1, of which PARP1 activation results in the accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) and enhanced inflammatory response. Moreover, E. piscicida, an important intracellular pathogen, leverages a T3SS effector YfiD to impair PARP1's activity and inhibit PAR accumulation. Once translocated into the host nucleus, YfiD binds to the ADP-ribosyl transferase (ART) domain of PARP1 to suppress its PARylation ability as the pharmacological inhibitor of PARP1 behaves. Furthermore, the interaction between YfiD and ART mainly relies on the complete unfolding of the helical domain, which releases the inhibitory effect on ART. In addition, YfiD impairs the inflammatory response and cell death in macrophages and promotes in vivo colonization and virulence of E. piscicida. Collectively, our results establish the functional mechanism of YfiD as a potential PARP1 inhibitor and provide more insights into host defense against bacterial infection.

Lysine acetylation regulates the AT-rich DNA possession ability of H-NS.

H-NS, the histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein in bacteria, regulates the stability of the bacterial genome by inhibiting the transcription of horizontally transferred genes, such as the type III and type VI secretion systems (T3/T6SS). While eukaryotic histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have been extensively studied, little is known about prokaryotic H-NS PTMs. Here, we report that the acetylation of H-NS attenuates its ability to silence horizontally transferred genes in response to amino acid nutrition and immune metabolites. Moreover, LC-MS/MS profiling showed that the acetyllysine sites of H-NS and K120 are indispensable for its DNA-binding ability. Acetylation of K120 leads to a low binding affinity for DNA and enhances T3/T6SS expression. Furthermore, acetylation of K120 impairs the AT-rich DNA recognition ability of H-NS. In addition, lysine acetylation in H-NS modulates in vivo bacterial virulence. These findings reveal the mechanism underlying H-NS PTMs and propose a novel mechanism by which bacteria counteract the xenogeneic silencing of H-NS.

Enhanced dosage delivery of pesticide under unmanned aerial vehicle condition for peanut plant protection: tank-mix adjuvants and formulation improvement.

BACKGROUND: Suspension concentrate (SC) is one of the most widely used formulations for agricultural plant protection. With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) plant protection, the problems of spray drift, droplet rebound and poor wettability in the application of SC from UAVs have attracted wide attention. Although some tank-mix adjuvants have been used to enhance dosage delivery for UAV, their effects and mechanisms are not fully clear, and few formulations are specifically designed for UAV. RESULTS: The type and concentration of tank-mix adjuvant affect the dosage delivery of SC. MO501 can significantly reduce DV<100µm , and inhibit droplet rebound on peanut leaves at concentrations ≥0.5%. Silwet 408 can achieve complete wetting and superspreading after adding ≥0.2% concentrations, but only ≥0.5% can inhibit rebound. XL-70 shows excellent regulation ability even at low concentration, and 0.2% concentration can simultaneously suppress impact and promote spreading. Besides, the formulation oil dispersion (OD) can significantly reduce the driftable fine fraction and inhibit rebound at dilution ratios of ≤250-fold, thus enhancing dosage delivery. CONCLUSION: SC is prone to rebound on hydrophobic leaf surfaces and shows poor wetting and spreading properties. Appropriate types and concentrations of tank-mix adjuvants and formulation improvement are two effective strategies for improving the dosage delivery of pesticides, whereas the addition of inappropriate adjuvants may cause potential risks instead. These findings provide guidance for the rational selection of tank-mix adjuvants and potential applications of OD for UAV plant protection. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Foregroundness-Aware Task Disentanglement and Self-Paced Curriculum Learning for Domain Adaptive Object Detection.

Unsupervised domain adaptive object detection (UDA-OD) is a challenging problem since it needs to locate and recognize objects while maintaining the generalization ability across domains. Most existing UDA-OD methods directly integrate the adaptive modules into the detectors. This integration procedure can significantly sacrifice the detection performances, though it enhances the generalization ability. To solve this problem, we propose an effective framework, named foregroundness-aware task disentanglement and self-paced curriculum adaptation (FA-TDCA), to disentangle the UDA-OD task into four independent subtasks of source detector pretraining, classification adaptation, location adaptation, and target detector training. The disentanglement can transfer the knowledge effectively while maintaining the detection performance of our model. In addition, we propose a new metric, i.e., foregroundness, and use it to evaluate the confidence of the location result. We use both foregroundness and classification confidence to assess the label quality of the proposals. For effective knowledge transfer across domains, we utilize a self-paced curriculum learning paradigm to train adaptors and gradually improve the quality of the pseudolabels associated with the target samples. Experiment results indicate that our method achieves state-of-the-art results on four cross-domain object detection tasks.

Rim plate in the treatment of hyperextension tibial plateau fracture: surgical technique and a series of cases.

BACKGROUND: The existence of a "bare area" at the anterior plateau has been observed in cases where anteromedial and/or anterolateral proximal tibial locking plates are used for fixation in the treatment of hyperextension tibial plateau fractures (HTPF). The objective of this study is to introduce the rim plate fixation technique and evaluate its clinical efficacy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on HTPF patients who underwent treatment with a combination of rim plate and proximal tibial locking plate at our hospital between April 2015 and December 2019. All patients were followed up for a minimum of one year. Open reduction and internal fixation were performed using anteromedial/posteromedial and/or anterolateral approaches for all cases. The surgical strategies employed for rim plate fixation were introduced, and both radiographic and clinical outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Thirteen patients were enrolled in the study, with an average follow-up time of 4.3 years. Satisfactory reduction was achieved and radiographically maintained in all cases. Additionally, all patients exhibited satisfactory clinical functions, as evidenced by a mean hospital for special surgery (HSS) knee score of 96.2 ± 2.0 (range: 90-98). Furthermore, no wound complications or implant breakage were observed in this series. CONCLUSION: The combination of the rim plate and proximal tibial plate proved to be an effective fixation configuration, resulting in satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Identification of CaPs locus involving in purple stripe formation on unripe fruit, reveals allelic variation and alternative splicing of R2R3-MYB transcription factor in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).

The purple color of unripe pepper fruit is attributed to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Only a few genes controlling the biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanins have been cloned in Capsicum. In this study, we performed a bulked segregant analysis of the purple striped trait using an F2 population derived from a cross between the immature purple striped fruit line Chen12-4-1-1-1-1 and the normal green fruit line Zhongxian101-M-F9. We mapped the CaPs locus to an 841.39 kb region between markers M-CA690-Xba and MCA710-03 on chromosome 10. CA10g11690 encodes an R2R3-MYB transcription factor that is involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins as the best candidate gene. Overexpression and silencing in transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) lines indicated that CA10g11690 is involved in the formation of purple stripes in the exocarp. A comparison of parental sequences identified an insertion fragment of 1,926 bp in the second intron region of Chen12-4, and eight SNPs were detected between the two parents. Additionally, there were 49 single nucleotide polymorphic variations, two sequence deletions, and four sequence insertions in the promoter region. We found that CA10g11690 undergoes alternative splicing and generates different transcripts. Thus, the functional transcript of CA10g11690 appeared to be primarily involved in the development of purple phenotype in the exocarp. Our data provide new insight into the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and a theoretical basis for the future breeding of purple striped pepper varieties.

Agricultural Application Prospect of Fully Polarimetric and Quantification S-Band SAR Subsystem in Chinese High-Resolution Aerial Remote Sensing System.

The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a type of active radar that can obtain polarization scattering information of ground objects, which is an important supplement to optical remote sensing. This paper designs a high-precision quantitative SAR system that combines radiation and polarization calibration processing to achieve a subtle perception of the changes in soil moisture and straw coverage. In Yushu, Jilin, we conducted the first S-band agricultural remote sensing application experiment. The backscattering coefficient was measured under different water content and straw coverage conditions, and the results showed that the backscattering coefficient increased by about 2 dB and 6 dB, respectively. We estimated that the soil water content increased by about 0.01 cm3/cm3, which was consistent with the theoretical analysis. The polarization scattering characteristics also showed significant differences under different straw coverage. The results indicated that S-band quantitative SAR had an excellent response ability to water content and straw coverage, which provided a technical basis for further radar agricultural applications in the future.

Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Risk Factors of Parasellar Chondrosarcoma.

Background: Parasellar chondrosarcomas are extremely rare. This study describes the characteristics of parasellar chondrosarcoma and analyzes the risk factors and prognosis based on the resection degree. Methods: Fifteen patients with pathologically diagnosed parasellar chondrosarcoma were retrospectively analyzed for the clinical data, surgical methods, and prognosis to identify relationships between the surgical resection degree, tumor recurrence, and imaging characteristics. Results: Twelve patients had eye dysfunction and ptosis. Differentiation from other parasellar tumors by imaging is difficult. The preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score positively correlated with the tumor resection degree (p = 0.026) and negatively correlated with the maximum tumor diameter (p = 0.001). Tumor recurrence negatively correlated with the resection degree (p = 0.009). The postoperative KPS score positively correlated with the preoperative KPS score (p < 0.001) and tumor resection degree (p = 0.026), and negatively correlated with the maximum tumor diameter (p = 0.016) and age (p = 0.047). An improved KPS score positively correlated with the tumor resection degree (p = 0.039). Patients who underwent total resection of the chondrosarcoma had longer progression-free survival than those who underwent partial resection (p = 0.0322). Conclusion: Parasellar chondrosarcomas are difficult to resect completely. Preoperative KPS score is an important factor for the degree of resection. KPS score, age, maximum tumor diameter, and resection degree may be important prognostic factors.

Targeting FHL1 impairs cell proliferation and differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells.

The four and a half LIM domains 1 (FHL1) is considered to play important roles in tumors. This study aims to investigate the role and precise mechanisms of FHL1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we found that FHL1 was highly expressed in AML. CCK8, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis of cell cycle-related proteins showed that overexpression of FHL1 promoted proliferation and accelerated cell cycle progression in HL-60 cells. Conversely, knockdown of FHL1 inhibited the proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in KG-1 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of FHL1 promoted cell differentiation, while overexpression of FHL1 restrained all-trans retinoic acid induced cell differentiation in HL-60 cells, revealed by Wright-Giemsa staining and cell surface antigen analysis. Moreover, in vivo experiments revealed that depletion of FHL1 inhibited tumor growth and led to increased levels of CD11b and CD14. Here, we first identify an unexpected and important role of FHL1 that contributes to the AML progression, indicating that FHL1 may be a potential therapeutic target for AML.

Xenogeneic nucleoid-associated EnrR thwarts H-NS silencing of bacterial virulence with unique DNA binding.

Type III and type VI secretion systems (T3/T6SS) are encoded in horizontally acquired genomic islands (GIs) that play crucial roles in evolution and virulence in bacterial pathogens. T3/T6SS expression is subjected to tight control by the host xenogeneic silencer H-NS, but how this mechanism is counteracted remains to be illuminated. Here, we report that xenogeneic nucleoid-associated protein EnrR encoded in a GI is essential for virulence in pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella and Salmonella. We showed that EnrR plays critical roles in T3/T6SS expression in these bacteria. Various biochemical and genetic analyses demonstrated that EnrR binds and derepresses the promoter of esrB, the critical regulator of T3/T6SS, to promote their expression by competing with H-NS. Additionally, EnrR targets AT-rich regions, globally modulates the expression of ∼363 genes and is involved in various cellular processes. Crystal structures of EnrR in complex with a specific AT-rich palindromic DNA revealed a new DNA-binding mode that involves conserved HTH-mediated interactions with the major groove and contacts of its N-terminal extension to the minor groove in the symmetry-related duplex. Collectively, these data demonstrate that EnrR is a virulence activator that can antagonize H-NS, highlighting a unique mechanism by which bacterial xenogeneic regulators recognize and regulate foreign DNA.

Knockdown of ADORA2A antisense RNA 1 inhibits cell proliferation and enhances imatinib sensitivity in chronic myeloid leukemia.

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) exert important regulatory roles in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential role and molecular mechanism of lncRNA ADORA2A antisense RNA 1 (ADORA2A-AS1) in CML. We found that the expression of ADORA2A-AS1 was upregulated in CML. Further, knockdown of ADORA2A-AS1 inhibited the proliferation, induced apoptosis, arrested cell cycle, and enhanced imatinib sensitivity in CML cells. Besides, ADORA2A-AS1 promoted the expression of transforming growth factor-beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) and ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2) via sponging miR-665, thereby exerting a tumor-promoting activity. Collectively, our results confirmed the oncogenic effect of ADORA2A-AS1 in CML, indicating that ADORA2A-AS1 is a promosing therapeutic target for CML.

Ferroptosis promotes microtubule-associated protein tau aggregation via GSK-3ß activation and proteasome inhibition.

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death resulting from iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Iron dyshomeostasis and peroxidation damage of neurons in some particular brain regions are closely related to a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases known as "tauopathies," in which intracellular aggregation of microtubule-associated protein tau is the common neuropathological feature. However, the relationship between ferroptosis and tau aggregation is not well understood. The current study demonstrates that erastin-induced ferroptosis can promote tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation in mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a cells). Moreover, ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 can alleviate tau aggregation effectively. In-depth mechanism research indicates that activated glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß) is responsible for the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau. More importantly, proteasome inhibition can exacerbate tau degradation obstacle and accelerate tau aggregation in the process of ferroptosis. Our results indicate that ferroptosis can lead to abnormal aggregation of tau protein and might be a promising therapeutic target of tauopathies.

Dissolution and Retention Process of CeO2 Nanoparticles in Soil with Dynamic Redox Conditions.

The time-course association of soil physicochemical properties and fate of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) is not well understood. This study for the first time investigated the dissolution and retention of CeO2 NPs (<25 nm) during soil short-term (6 h) and long-term (30 d) aging processes with dynamic redox conditions. Under the additional reductant-induced initial reductive condition, theoretically, up to 220‰ of Ce(IV) was temporarily reductively dissolved within 10 min, accompanied by a slow retention process (180 min) of Ce species in soil solutions. Conversely, the dissolution and slow retention of Ce species were not significant in soil solutions without added reductant. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) shows that most of Ce species were present as Ce(IV) (94.0%-97.8%) in all soils after a long-term aging process. These results indicate that the soil dynamic redox conditions induced by oxidant/reductant intrinsically determined the different time-course dissolution and retention of CeO2 NPs, highlighting the occasional reductive condition in soil solution that may contribute to the migration and diffusion of Ce species. The time-course study should be also adopted to develop a comprehensive understanding of the nano-soil interactions.

Response of soil microbiome structure and its network profiles to four soil amendments in monocropping strawberry greenhouse.

With the constant surge of strawberry cultivation and human demand, widespread concern has been expressed about the severe soil and plant health problems caused by continuous strawberry cropping, particularly monocropping in greenhouses. Effective microorganisms (EM) and Bacillus subtilis (BS) have been extensively commercialized as biological control agents (BCAs) to promote plant growth and yield enhancement. However, their effects on soil microbes are obscure. To regulate the microbial community in continuous cropping strawberry soils, we developed four soil amendments based on these two BCAs by adding low and high contents of compost. The amplicon sequencing of bacterial and fungal ribosomal markers was applied to study the response of the soil microbiome structure. We noticed a sharp increase in bacterial diversity after adding EM-treated high compost and BS-treated low compost, while there was no significant change in fungal diversity among treatments. Through taxonomic classification and FUNGuild analysis, we found that the application of soil amendments resulted in a significant decline in the relative abundance of fungal plant pathogens (Rhizopus, Penicillium and Fusarium) in the soils; accordingly, the metabolic functions of a range of detrimental fungi were inhibited. Correlation analysis indicated that soil microbial community was indirectly driven by soil physicochemical properties. Co-occurrence networks revealed that soil amendments contributed to the connectivity of bacterial network, and EM-treated with high compost was the most complex and balanced. Collectively, EM-treated high compost and BS-treated low compost can well regulate the microbial community structure and thus maintain soil health.

Comparative toxicity of rod-shaped nano-CeO2 and nano-CePO4 to lettuce.

The influence of morphology on the biological effects of nanomaterials (NMs) has not been well understood. In the present study, we compared the phytotoxicity of rod-shaped nano-cerium dioxide (R-CeO2) and nano-cerium phosphate (R-CePO4) to lettuce plants. The results showed that R-CeO2 significantly inhibited the root elongation of lettuce, induced oxidative damages, and caused cell death, while R-CePO4 was nontoxic to lettuce. The different distribution and speciation of Ce in plant tissues were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) combined with linear combination fitting (LCF). The results showed that in the R-CeO2 group, part of Ce was transformed from Ce(IV) to Ce(III), while only Ce(III) was present in the R-CePO4 group. When interacting with plants, R-CeO2 is easier to be dissolved and transformed than R-CePO4, which might be the reason for their different phytotoxicity. Although both are Ce-based NMs and have the same morphology, the toxicity of R-CeO2 seems to come from the released Ce3+ ions rather than its shape. This research emphasizes the importance of chemical composition and reactivity of NMs to their toxicological effects.

Effects of surface modification on toxicity of CeO2 nanoparticles to lettuce.

Phytotoxicity of nanoceria (nCeO2) has been reported, but there are few studies on how to reduce its phytotoxicity. In the present study, we modified nCeO2 with two organophosphates (nCeO2@ATMP and nCeO2@EDTMP) and compared their toxicity to lettuce with that of uncoated nCeO2. The results showed that bare nCeO2 significantly inhibited the root growth of lettuce, leading to oxidative damages and root cell death. In contrast, after surface modification, the toxicity of nCeO2@ATMP to lettuce was weakened, while nCeO2@EDTMP was nontoxic to lettuce. It was found that the surface properties of the modified materials have been changed, resulting in sharp decreases in their bioavailability. Although nCeO2 with and without surface coatings were all transformed when interacting with plants, the absolute contents of Ce(III) in roots treated with modified nCeO2 decreased significantly, which may be the main reason for the reduction of toxicity. This study indicates that it is feasible to reduce the phytotoxicity of nanomaterials through surface coating.

Effects of ceria nanoparticles and CeCl3 on growth, physiological and biochemical parameters of corn (Zea mays) plants grown in soil.

The release of toxic ions from metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) may play an important role in biological effects of NPs. In this life cycle study, physiological and biochemical responses of soil-grown corn (Zea mays) plants exposed to ceria NPs and its ionic counterparts Ce3+ ions at 0, 25, 75 and 225 mg Ce/kg were investigated. Both treatments tended to reduce the fresh weight and height of the plants at 28 days after sowing (DAS), and delay silk appearance and finally decrease fruit weight at harvest. Uptake and distribution of some mineral nutrients, Ca, P, Fe, B, Zn and Mn in the plants were disturbed. None of the treatments significantly affected activities of antioxidant enzymes and MDA contents in the roots and leaves at 28 DAS. At 90 DAS, ceria NPs and Ce3+ ions disturbed the homeostasis of antioxidative systems in the plants, Ce3+ ions at all concentrations provoked significant oxidative damage in the roots and significantly increased MDA levels as compare to the control. The results indicate that the effects of ceria NPs and Ce3+ ions on corn plants varied with different growth stages and ceria NPs had similar but less severe impacts than Ce3+ ions. Speciation analysis revealed there was mutual transformation between CeO2 and Ce3+ in the soil-plant system. It is speculated that Ce3+ ions play a key role in toxicity. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a life cycle study on comparative toxicity of CeO2 NPs and Ce3+ ions on corn plants.

Upregulation of long non­coding RNA CCEPR is associated with poor prognosis and contributes to the progression of ovarian cancer through regulating the Wnt/ß­catenin signaling pathway.

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the expression of long non­coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is altered in various types of cancer, which may prove beneficial for their use as biomarkers. Cervical carcinoma expressed PCNA regulatory lncRNA (CCEPR) is a recently identified lncRNA, which has an important role in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in cervical and bladder cancer; however, whether CCEPR is involved in the progression of ovarian cancer (OC) remains largely unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of CCEPR in OC and to investigate its biological roles. Cell Counting Kit­8 assay was used to analyze cell proliferation, Transwell assay was used to assess invasion, flow cytometric analysis was used to analyze apoptosis, and western blotting was used to perform mechanistic studies. CCEPR expression levels were significantly elevated in OC tissues compared with adjacent non­cancer tissues. Similarly, significant increases in CCEPR expression were observed in OC cell lines (SK­OV­3 and OVCAR­3) compared with the ovarian surface epithelial cell line, HOSEpiC. The increased expression levels of CCEPR were associated with increased invasion, higher International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage and a poorer overall survival rate. In vitro, the genetic silencing of CCEPR decreased the cell proliferation rate and invasive ability of OC cells, and promoted apoptosis. CCEPR­silenced OC cells also demonstrated decreased expression levels of four proteins involved in the Wnt/ß­catenin signaling pathway: Cyclin D1, ß­catenin, Myc and matrix metallopeptidase­7. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that increased expression levels of CCEPR may predict poor prognosis in patients with OC and contribute to the progression of OC through regulating the Wnt/ß­catenin signaling pathway.

Genomic and functional characterization of fecal sample strains of Proteus cibarius carrying two floR antibiotic resistance genes and a multiresistance plasmid-encoded cfr gene.

The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics and horizontal transfer of florfenicol resistance gene-related sequences in Proteus strains isolated from animals. A total of six Proteus strains isolated from three farms between 2015 and 2016 were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for known florfenicol resistance genes. Proteus cibarius G11, isolated from the fecal material of a goose, was found to harbor both cfr and floR genes. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the strain harbored two copies of the floR gene: one was located on the chromosome and the other was located on a plasmid named pG11-152. Two floR-containing fragments 4028 bp in length were identical and showed transposon-like structures. The cfr gene was found on a plasmid named pG11-51 and flanked by a pair of IS26s. Thus, mobile genetic elements played an important role in floR replication and horizontal resistance gene transfer. Therefore, increasing attention should be paid to monitoring the spread of resistance genes and resistance in real time.